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This is a list of birds of Pennsylvania. A comprehensive listing of all the bird species seen naturally in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania is published by the Pennsylvania Ornithological Records Committee (PORC), part of the Pennsylvania Society for Ornithology. There are currently 418 species on the list, which includes four species classified as extirpated —species that are native to Pennsylvania but no longer have established populations there (they still do in other places). Species which have been recorded in three or fewer of the past ten years are classified as accidental (A), and species which have been recorded in four to seven of the last ten years are classified as casual (C). In addition, there are two species which are now extinct. There are also eight species on a provisional list, which have been sighted but have no physical evidence to back up these claims. When extirpated and extinct species are included, there are a total of 426 species.〔Pennsylvania Ornithological Records Committee (2011)〕 The birds on the list are determined by the PORC, which was established in 1988 under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Biological Survey, a nonprofit organization designed to "increase the knowledge of and foster the perpetuation of the natural biological diversity of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania." The survey consists of scientists, representatives of state and federal agencies, major natural history museums and scientific institutions, and interested individuals. Subcommittees of the survey were appointed for various classes of flora and fauna. The panel for birds is the Ornithological Technical Committee, which in turn organized the Records Committee in November 1988 as a subcommittee of its own. In an article in ''Pennsylvania Birds'' soon after PORC was established, the journal’s co-editor at the time Franklin C. Haas wrote with satisfaction, "Pennsylvania will finally have a clearing house for ornithological records." The Records Committee held its first meeting in April 1989, attended by inaugural members Ed Kwater, chairman; Barbara M. Haas, secretary; Franklin C. Haas; Robert C. Leberman; Gerald D. McWilliams; Steven J. Santner; and Paul Schwalbe. Members have included professional ornithologists and experienced amateur observers during the committee’s history. The members are volunteers who spend many hours evaluating a hundred or more reports each year. The official list is revised every five years for publication in the journal ''Pennsylvania Birds''. The first edition in 1990 (PB 4:51-53) consisted of 353 species. In the third edition published in 2000 (PB 14:105-109) the list grew to 389 species plus 7 species on a provisional list. The most recent edition brings the current list to 426, 8 of which are on the provisional list. (Provisional species are accepted on the basis of sight records, but are not placed on the official list because they have not yet been documented by physical evidence such as a specimen, photograph, video or audio recording.) This list is presented in taxonomic order and follows ''The Check-list of North American Birds'' (7th edition, 1998) published by the American Ornithologists' Union, and generally recognized as the scientific authority on the taxonomy and nomenclature of North American birds. The table of contents is grouped into passerines (the largest order of birds) and non-passerines. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. __NOTOC__ ==Ducks, geese and swans== Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae * Black-bellied whistling-duck, ''Dendrocygna autumnalis'' (A) * Pink-footed goose, ''Dendrocygna autumnalis'' (C) * Greater white-fronted goose, ''Anser albifrons'' * Snow goose, ''Chen caerulescens'' * Ross's goose, ''Chen rossii'' * Cackling goose, ''Branta hutchinsii'' * Canada goose, ''Branta canadensis'' * Brant, ''Branta bernicla'' * Barnacle goose, ''Branta leucopsis'' (C) * Mute swan, ''Cygnus olor'' * Trumpeter swan, ''Cygnus buccinator'' * Tundra swan, ''Cygnus columbianus'' * Wood duck, ''Aix sponsa'' * Gadwall, ''Anas strepera'' * Eurasian wigeon, ''Anas penelope'' * American wigeon, ''Anas americana'' * American black duck, ''Anas rubripes'' * Mallard, ''Anas platyrhynchos'' * Blue-winged teal, ''Anas discors'' * Cinnamon teal, ''Anas cyanoptera'' (A) * Northern shoveler, ''Anas clypeata'' * Northern pintail, ''Anas acuta'' * Green-winged teal, ''Anas crecca'' * Canvasback, ''Aythya valisineria'' * Redhead, ''Aythya americana'' * Common pochard, ''Aythya ferina'' * Ring-necked duck, ''Aythya collaris'' * Tufted duck, ''Aythya fuligula'' (A) * Greater scaup, ''Aythya marila'' * Lesser scaup, ''Aythya affinis'' * King eider, ''Somateria spectabilis'' (A) * Harlequin duck, ''Histrionicus histrionicus'' (A) * Surf scoter, ''Melanitta perspicillata'' * White-winged scoter, ''Melanitta fusca'' * Black scoter, ''Melanitta americana'' * Long-tailed duck, ''Clangula hyemalis'' * Bufflehead, ''Bucephala albeola'' * Common goldeneye, ''Bucephala clangula'' * Barrow's goldeneye, ''Bucephala islandica'' (A) * Hooded merganser, ''Lophodytes cucullatus'' * Common merganser, ''Mergus merganser'' * Red-breasted merganser, ''Mergus serrator'' * Masked duck, ''Nomonyx dominicus'' (A) * Ruddy duck, ''Oxyura jamaicensis'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of birds of Pennsylvania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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